Water and Ions as the Conditions Necessary for the Presence of Life

This book, drawing on the author's extensive scientific research in different parts of the world and reports from other scientists, explores the intricate interdependence between water and ions. Water is well-known as the best diluent for supporting life, which allows the flow of molecules, which are made up of ions, from one particular point to another, but in many cases, despite the presence of water, life and biological entities are not found. This book allows the reader to pursue an answer to this mystery through scientific knowledge, as has never been presented before, showing how metal ions complement water for sustaining life. It considers the effects of cosmic dust and solar energy on the progression of biological systems, and the presence of metal ions such as sulfur as part of our proteins, calcium in animal and human skeletons, iron in our blood, fluoride in our teeth, sodium and potassium in our physiological activity, along with magnesium and zinc in plants. Furthermore, it explains the presence of the carbon element, which is ubiquitous in all biomolecules on earth. This book also provides techniques such as biomarkers, computational modeling, and artificial intelligence to identify undetectable biological entities.